Chinese English

In ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION, the amount of delay in TIME or PHASE ANGLE introduced by the resi­stivity of the GROUND over which the SIGNAL is pas­sing. In tide terminology, DAILY RETARDATION.

在电子导航中，指时间与相角的延迟数量。这种延迟是由于信号所经过的地面的阻抗引起的。 潮汐术语指潮时滞后。

A system of wires, hairs, threa­ds, etched lines, or the like, placed normal to the AXIS of a TELESCOPE at its principal FOCUS, by means of which the TELESCOPE is sighted on a STAR, SIGNAL, or TARGET, or by means of which appropriate readings are made on some SCALE, such as a LEVELLING or STADIA ROD. See also CROSS WIRES, GRATICULE, DIA­PHRAGM. In PHOTOGRAMMETRY, a mark such as a cross or system of lines lying in the image plane of a viewing apparatus and used singly as a refer­ence mark in certain types of monocular instruments or as one of a pair to form a FLOATING MARK as in certain types of STEREOSCOPES.

设置在望远镜主焦面并垂直于其轴线的“十”字形网线，由金属丝、毛发、丝线或刻线等制成。利用十字丝，可使望远镜对准星体、觇标、目标，或者用其照准水准尺及测距尺上的刻度进行读数。亦见cross wires（十字丝）、 graticule（十字丝）和diaphragm（光圈）。 在摄影测量中，指观测装置像平面上的十字或线系统的标记，在某些单目镜仪器中用来作为基准标记或者在某些立视镜中类型中用一对中的一个来形成浮动标记。

The ring across which the system of wires, hairs, threads, or the like of a RETICLE are stretched; or the ring which supports the glass DIAPHRAGM when the RETICLE is a system of lines etched on glass.

支撑金属线、毛发、丝线或类似十字丝的环，或者当十字丝网刻在玻璃光阑上的时候，用于固定玻璃镜片。

A LINE OF POSITION which has been moved backward along the COURSE line to correspond with a TIME previous to that at which the line was established. Called a transferred position line in British terminology.

位置线沿着航线不断向后移动，以便与先前预定的用于建立位置线的时间相一致。在英国术语中也称为transferred position line。

Continuation of RADIANT ENERGY, par­ticularly SOUND by multiple REFLECTION. SOUND scattered towards the source, principally from the ocean surface (surface reverberation) or BOTTOM (bottom reverberation), and from small scattering sources in the medium such as bubbles of air and sus­pended solid matter (volume reverbera­tion).

辐射能，特别是声波，因多重反射产生的持续辐射能。 声波向声源散射在下列情况下产生的不同的混响：由海洋表面向声源散射时为表面混响；由海底向声源散射时为海底混响；从气泡及悬浮的固体物质等小散射源散射为体积混响。

潮流的一种。这种潮流大致互成相反方向交替流动，转流时憩流。这种流主要发生在水流运动基本被限制在相对狭窄水道内的区域。亦称rectilinear current（往复流） 或 rectilinear stream（直线流）。

一种深海温度计，将其倒置可测定任何预定深度的温度，然后在其回到第一个位置以前仍保持该读数。颠倒温度计通常成对地在采水器上使用。

一种特制采水器，用于深海海水采样。这种采水器用绳索放入海水，在所需深度时关闭且不漏水，通过信号发生器还可向下放线触发颠倒装置，使采水器翻倒。这样，采集的水样就不会被较浅处的海水“污染”，或当提至船舷时泄漏。颠倒采水器上附有颠倒温度计。参见ekman bottle（埃克曼式颠倒采水器）和nansen bottle（南生采水器）。 

Facing of stone or other material, either permanent or temporary, placed along the edge of a stream to stabilize the bank and to protect it from the erosive action of the stream.

沿河流边缘设置的石头或其他材料的砌面，有永久性或临时性两种。用于稳固海岸，使之免受水流运动的侵蚀。

Motion of a CELESTIAL BODY in its ORBIT; circular motion about an AXIS usually external to the body. The terms revolution and ROTATION are often used interchangeably but, with reference to the motions of a CELESTIAL BODY, revolution refers to the motion in an ORBIT or about an AXIS external to the body, while ROTATION refers to motion about an AXIS within the body. Thus, the EARTH revolves about the SUN annually and rotates about its AXIS daily.

指天体的轨道运动；或指围绕天体以外的轴线运动。“公转”和“自转”这两个术语经常可交替使用，但按参照天体来区别。公转是指轨道运动或绕天体本身之外的一个轴运行，而自转则是绕天体本身的轴运动。如地球每年绕太阳运行一周（公转），每天绕自身的轴旋转一周（自转）。

A line on the surface of the EARTH making the same oblique angle with all MERIDIANS; a LOXODROME spiralling toward the POLES in a constant true direc­tion. PARALLELS and MERIDIANS, which also maintain constant true directions, may be considered special cases of the rhumb line. A rhumb line is a straight line on a MERCATOR PROJECTION. Sometimes shortened to rhumb.

在地球表面上，与所有经线保持同一斜角的线；以不变的真方向螺旋升至极点的斜航线。平行圈和子午圈也保持恒定的真方向，可以认为它是特殊情况下的恒向线。恒向线在墨卡托投影上是直线。有时简称rhumb。